Its hardness ranges from 2-3. It comes in yellow, very light green-yellow hues. Its chemical symbol is "Au". It is the precious metal with the longest culture in the world. Gold, whose history dates back to 4000 BC, was widespread especially in Sumerian, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. Because it has the best conductive properties, gold is used not only in the jewelry sector but also in electronics, mechanical engineering, and satellite technologies. Some of the countries with gold mines in the world are South Africa, USA, Egypt, India, Australia, Russia, Germany.

Depending on the jewelry model and workmanship style, the fineness of the gold to be used is chosen considering its hardness. Gold fineness is the ratio indicating the purity of gold.

100% pure gold is considered 24 karats. 22 karat gold is 917 millesimal. This means it contains 917 parts per thousand pure gold. 24 karat gold and 22 karat gold are very soft, so they are used in jewelry such as embossed, twisted Trabzon woven jewelry, twisted bracelets, gold belts, and investment wedding gold.

18 karat gold means a mixture containing 75% gold. 18 karat gold alloys take on different colors depending on the amounts of silver and copper added. 25% silver creates green gold, 12.5% silver and 12.5% copper create yellow gold, 0.6% silver and 19% copper create pink gold, and 25% copper creates red gold. White gold alloy is a mixture of Zinc, Nickel, and Palladium. These different 18 karat gold colors are generally used as a color alternative in jewelry designs.

14 karat gold contains 14/24, which is approximately 60% pure gold. As with 18 karat gold, yellow gold, white gold, and rose gold colors can be preferred in production.

18 karat gold and 14 karat gold are the most common gold finenesses used with diamonds, brilliant-cut diamonds, and colored precious stones. The reason for this is that it has the most suitable metal hardness to protect the precious stone and is long-lasting. For jewelry craftsmanship, 14 karat and 18 karat gold are highly suitable. The jewelry where 14 karat gold and 18 karat gold are most commonly used includes diamond solitaire rings, diamond solitaire earrings, tennis bracelets, tennis necklaces, diamond five-stone rings, diamond eternity rings, baguette rings, and diamond baguette earrings. The use of 14 karat gold and 18 karat gold is also quite common with colored precious stones such as sapphire earrings, emerald rings, and ruby diamond sets.

• 24 karat gold : 999.9 millesimal
• 22 karat gold : 917 millesimal
• 18 karat gold : 750 millesimal,
• 14 karat gold : 585 millesimal
• 10 karat gold : 417 millesimal
• 9 karat gold : 375 millesimal
• 8 karat gold : 333 millesimal

Its hardness ranges from 4-4.5. It is steel gray or silver in tone. Its chemical symbol is "Pt". As it is a hard metal, it is difficult to process. The purity of platinum used in the jewelry industry is 950/1000. Platinum was used in most Victorian-style jewelry. However, today, the preference rate for platinum jewelry is around 10 percent. Countries with platinum mines in the world include the USA, Canada, Finland, Portugal, Russia-Urals and Siberia regions, and France.

 

Its hardness ranges from 2.5-3. It shines with a bluish hue in its fine silver parts, blackening over time. Its chemical symbol is "Ag". Its history dates back to 4000 BC. Like gold, silver also held an important place in civilizations. The first silver mines were found in Spain. Countries where silver is extracted include the USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, Germany, and Norway. Silver metal is used for its darkening effect in the workmanship of old-cut foiled diamond jewelry. Also, since the Ottoman period, silver jewelry has generally been used by men as a tradition. Today, silver metal is also used in modern men's jewelry. The most common silver jewelry includes men's wedding bands, tughra rings, prayer beads, stone and stoneless silver necklaces, and silver bracelet models.

Copper was first processed in Anatolia about 9000 years ago, around 7000 BC. After Anatolia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Spain, and China were among the countries that discovered copper early. In Turkey, copper is extracted in the Artvin region. Copper metal is generally used in home decor items, sheet coatings, and electrical materials. It is not widely used in jewelry today. It is mainly used in costume jewelry.